Welcome To Surf Guru Surf Guru has been set up by an avid surfer to aide UK surfers by listing all the latest surfing Beaches and Reef Information, Surf reports, Wind. The Renee Tote is a sleek travel tote designed for the professional woman who wont sacrifice style or nutrition when it comes to long weekdays. Powered by your favorite movie sites, Movieswithbutter.com helps you to effortlessly track the latest developments from the most anticipated movies by your favorite. Tanzania: Birding Among the Beasts. With its huge, unspoiled wilderness areas and plains loaded with game, the vast landscapes of Tanzania reflect an Africa of old. This tour, timed to coincide with the arrival of masses of wildebeest in the central Serengeti, explores northern Tanzania. With the rains having fallen recently, the landscapes display a fabulous palate of colors, from the fresh green grass to the red sands, to the billowing black afternoon thunderstorm clouds. Almost every night, the epic skies produce a spectacular orange and vermilion sunset. Birds are in full breeding regalia, and watching the long- tailed, testosterone- laden widows and black, red, and yellow bishops frantically displaying and chasing each other is a major highlight. Our optional pre- trip extension visits the arid landscapes of the Tsavo corridor, the endemic- rich Usambaras, and the exotic Pemba Island. A male Lion mate- gaurding a female in estrus. Seeing a cheetah mother with cubs is a special experience (Ken Behrens) Day 13: Serengeti to Kilimanjaro Airport. We return to Arusha, stopping for lunch at the. Search Results for human%2520rights. Human Evolution: How Did We Get Here? University of New South Wales. Have you ever wondered about what it is to. Find great deals on eBay for fantastic beasts and where to find them quidditch through the ages. Shop with confidence. T he Surrealist Gallery of Howard David Johnson; Surrealist Art Work that shows us a world of the fantastic filled with beautiful visions of. A third type of evidence that Elasmotherium was a grazer is that of tooth wear and morphology. Like all Rhinocerotidae, E. The fantastic match3 puzzle game Candy Rain is back with brand ne. A male Lion mate- gaurding a female in estrus. Katherine Keith Barnes. Read More. The tame Common Genets at Ndutu are a pleasure to watch. The tame Common Genets at Ndutu are a pleasure to watch. Katherine Keith Barnes. Read More. A rare sighting in Manyara National Park, a couple of Crested Guineafowl. A rare sighting in Manyara National Park, a couple of Crested Guineafowl. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Bronze- winged Courser, a prized sighting in Tarangire National Park. Bronze- winged Courser, a prized sighting in Tarangire National Park. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. The Usambiro Barbet is practically endemic to the Serengeti. The Usambiro Barbet is practically endemic to the Serengeti. Katherine Keith Barnes. Read More. Chestnut- fronted Helmetshrike is a coastal forest specialty that we might see at the Amani Reserve on the extension. Chestnut- fronted Helmetshrike is a coastal forest specialty that we might see at the Amani Reserve on the extension. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Just because you're sleeping in a tent doesn't mean that you're not being pampered! The vehicles keep us completely safe, but the experience is still intense. Sometimes we see lions close.. The vehicles keep us completely safe, but the experience is still intense. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. A typically luxurious Tanzanian lodge, with birds and big mammals usually visible from the dining area. A typically luxurious Tanzanian lodge, with birds and big mammals usually visible from the dining area. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Ostrich in the crater. Ostrich in the crater. Katherine Keith Barnes. Read More. Tarangire National Park's varied landscapes support a huge diversity of birds. Tarangire National Park's varied landscapes support a huge diversity of birds. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. A male Leopard, lord of all he surveys at Seronera in the Serengeti. A male Leopard, lord of all he surveys at Seronera in the Serengeti. Katherine Keith Barnes. Read More. White- headed Buffalo- Weavers dance. White- headed Buffalo- Weavers dance. Katherine Keith Barnes. Read More. A huge Nile Monitor lizard. A huge Nile Monitor lizard. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. A Masai warrior marches in front of the sacred Mount Kilimanjaro. A Masai warrior marches in front of the sacred Mount Kilimanjaro. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. We have a chance on the extension to see the rare Scaly Chatterer. We have a chance on the extension to see the rare Scaly Chatterer. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Beautiful endemic Yellow- collared Lovebird. Beautiful endemic Yellow- collared Lovebird. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Wildlife from your balcony.. These are Banded Mongoose. The grass is full of predators, large and small. These are Banded Mongoose. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Dark- backed Weaver can be found in the Usambara Mountains. Dark- backed Weaver can be found in the Usambara Mountains. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. The sun sets behind an African Gray Hornbill. The sun sets behind an African Gray Hornbill. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Helmeted Guineafowl, and most other gamebirds are breeding in April. Helmeted Guineafowl, and most other gamebirds are breeding in April. Katherine Keith Barnes. Read More. Dwarf Mongoose are bird nest predators and are awfully cute. Dwarf Mongoose are bird nest predators and are awfully cute. Katherine Keith Barnes. Read More. Wildebeest from horizon to horizon. Wildebeest from horizon to horizon. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. We may see Brown- headed Parrot on the extension. We may see Brown- headed Parrot on the extension. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. We eat incredibly well at the luxurious lodges in Tanzania. We eat incredibly well at the luxurious lodges in Tanzania. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Hilderbrandt's Starling is a picnic table specialty. Hilderbrandt's Starling is a picnic table specialty. Katherine Keith Barnes. Read More. Big mammals can be found alongside the Masai people. Here is a zebra with a Masai boma (village) behind. Big mammals can be found alongside the Masai people. Here is a zebra with a Masai boma (village) behind. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Check out the eyelashes on this Southern Ground- Hornbill! This is a Blue- cheeked Bee- eater. This tour is timed perfectly to see lots of migrant birds headed for Europe and Asia. This is a Blue- cheeked Bee- eater. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Seeing a cheetah mother with cubs is a special experience. Seeing a cheetah mother with cubs is a special experience. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. The endemic Tanzanian Red- billed Hornbill can be found at selected spots. The endemic Tanzanian Red- billed Hornbill can be found at selected spots. Katherine Keith Barnes. Read More. A Lappet- faced Vulture comes in to dominate a kill on the Ndutu Plains. A Lappet- faced Vulture comes in to dominate a kill on the Ndutu Plains. Katherine Keith Barnes. Read More. Hippos loll in pools and rivers of the Serengeti system. Hippos loll in pools and rivers of the Serengeti system. Katherine Keith Barnes. Read More. The Sergengeti is dotted with big mammals like these giraffe. The Sergengeti is dotted with big mammals like these giraffe. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. An angry Cape Buffalo stands in the rain. An angry Cape Buffalo stands in the rain. Katherine Keith Barnes. Read More. Ashy Starling is a very cool- looking Tanzanian endemic. Ashy Starling is a very cool- looking Tanzanian endemic. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Rosy- throated- Longclaw is probably the most beautiful member of its meadowlark- like genus. Rosy- throated- Longclaw is probably the most beautiful member of its meadowlark- like genus. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Rosy- patched Bush- Shrike adds color to dry thornscrub. Rosy- patched Bush- Shrike adds color to dry thornscrub. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Few birds are more photogenic than the Gray Crowned- Crane. Few birds are more photogenic than the Gray Crowned- Crane. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Lizard Buzzard drops to the ground to hunt termites emerging from underground. Such emergences are common in April during the rainy season. Lizard Buzzard drops to the ground to hunt termites emerging from underground. Such emergences are common in April during the rainy season. Katherine Ken Behrens. Read More. Thompson's Gazelle on the run.. It's hard to take a photo WITHOUT big mammals in the frame! It's hard to take a photo WITHOUT big mammals in the frame! After arrival at Kilimanjaro airport, we head to a lodge near Arusha National Park. Day 2: Arusha NP. Meru, which looms over Arusha. The mix of habitats here includes montane forest, and offers us many exciting birds including Crowned Hawk- Eagle, Cinnamon- chested Bee- eater, and splendid songster Rueppell’s Robin- Chat. As we head up the mist- enshrouded slopes, the yellowwood trees become draped in Usnea old man. The park is also an excellent place to find large herds of buffalo grazing the mountain. We drive around the looming Mt. Meru to the lark plains. These grasslands are home to the last 2. Beesley. Other interesting species here include Chestnut- bellied and Yellow- throated Sandgrouse, shrikes, migrant wheatears, pipits, and larks galore. The plains are lined by Drepanolobium whistling thorn trees, while hills offer a scrubby habitat that can deliver Red- fronted and Black- throated Barbets, Red- throated Tit, eremomelas, and crombecs. Thicket habitat and riparian strips offer many great birds, including Slate- colored Boubou, Nubian Woodpecker, the highly gregarious Gray- headed Social- Weaver, and the possibility of migrants like Spotted Flycatcher and Common Nightingale. Days 4- 6: Tarangire National Park. From Arusha we head to Tarangire, where we shall enjoy some of northern Tanzania. The low baobab- clad plains and fever- tree groves here support many cool species including three Tanzanian endemics and near- endemics: Ashy Starling, Yellow- collared Lovebird, and Rufous- tailed Weaver. The lush grasses are full of ground birds like Northern White- bellied Bustard and both Red- necked and Yellow- necked Francolins. This is one of the better places to see elephants, which can occur in great numbers along the Tarangire River. Days 7- 8: Tarangire to Ngorongoro Crater. After leaving the Great Rift Valley, the road climbs to the edge of the magical crater. Descending into the crater with its towering vertical walls is like finding Africa’s Garden of Eden. Inside, we seek myriad grassland and woodland birds, as well as scavenging vultures amidst a thronging wildlife spectacle virtually unequalled on earth. Ashy Starling is a very cool- looking Tanzanian endemic (Ken Behrens)Days 9- 1. Elasmotherium - Wikipedia. Elasmotherium (. Theories about the function of this horn include defence, attracting mates, driving away competitors, sweeping snow from the grass in winter and digging for water and plant roots. Unlike any others, its high- crowned molars were ever- growing. Its legs were longer than those of other rhinos and were adapted for galloping, giving it a horse- like gait. Discovery. The next year in the M. The molars, the only teeth in the jaw, had formed in layers like tree rings, except the . The edges in the grinding surface were elaborately sinuous to better break down the grasses on which the animal fed. In March 2. 01. 6, the discovery of a skull in Kazakhstan granted a new estimated time period to when Elasmotherium roamed the earth. The prior estimate was 3. Some show the beast trotting like a horse with a horn; others hunched over with head to the ground, like a bison, and still others immersed in swamps like a hippopotamus. The use of the horn and whether or not there was one, and how large, have been popular topics. The statistical correlations of modern palaeontology have taken much of the speculation out of the subject, although some details remain undetermined. Morphology. The border region is correlated to bulk: up to 6. In foregut fermentation, the animal must . The hind- gut fermenters are . The main food in that category is grass, indicating that Elasmotherium, like the elephants, was probably a grassland . In general, the normal position of the head can be determined by the angle between a vertical plane coinciding with the occiput of the cranium, which is always vertical, and a plane through the base of the cranium. A right or acute angle would indicate a head held high for browsing leaves at various heights. Elasmotherium had the most obtuse angle of the Rhinocerotids. It could only reach the lowest levels and therefore must have grazed habitually. Like all Rhinocerotidae, E. Their response in geologic time is to evolve cheek teeth with large crowns (hypsodonty). There appears to be a correlation between grazing and hypsodonty. Most other examples are to be found among diminutive mammals such as Rodentia, which already casts doubt on the correlation, as they do not generally graze grass. Teeth form from the top down through the deposition of enamel on a cement core by formative soft tissue in the jaw. The enamel of hypsodont Perissodactyla is highly rugose rather than sharp. In brachydont species, such as humans, when the crown is complete, the roots are deposited and finally the completed tooth erupts. Hypselodonty is a condition of tooth eruption and continued crown formation before a delayed root formation. In its most developed variety, the roots never form. Only rare fossils of E. No molars have roots, or, in the terminology of some, the roots are . The supposed correlation between grass- eating and hypsodonty proved difficult to support in a number of instances. Koenigswald, for example, pointed out that hypsodonty had occurred among the Gondwanatheria of the Mesozoic, a group of mammals so primitive that he describes their cheek teeth as . Instead he suggests for his example, Sudamerica ameghinioi, that it lived a . Modern species provide many examples, from beavers to hippopotamuses. Attempts have been made to link the wear on Elasmotherium teeth to grazing. Wood, a Rhinocerotid tooth specialist, pointed out that interproximal wear, or loss of tooth surface between teeth, due to abrasion during mastication, of Elasmotherium is similar to that of the white rhinoceros, the only remaining Rhinocerotid grazer, which has hypsodont teeth. Diets considered were grazing, mixed grazing and browsing, browsing, omnivory and special niches, such as treetop browsing. Measurements included the Hypsodonty Index (HI) and Muzzle Width (MZW). The results showed that, except for the . The HI was not precise enough to discriminate between open and mixed. However, high MZW is correlated to grazing in the open category, although some forest species also have wide muzzles. Grazers therefore are distinguished by a combination of high- crowned cheek teeth and wide muzzles, both of which are possessed by Elasmotherium. Life in the open is implied. Cursorial distal limbs. It is in this context that Deng and Zheng, experts in the few surviving leg bones, conclude, concerning the morphology of the legs. Cursorial animals are unequivocally . They selected caucasicum for study because of the availability of a few dozen limb bone fragments from Nihewan, China. These made possible a selective comparison with the fewer bones remaining of other fossil rhinocerotids. In comparison with them, the long legs of Elasmotherium. The authors approach but do not solve the problem of how to reconcile the weight with the supposed mobility. They say elsewhere in the article that the legs of caucasicum are to be distinguished from those of other fossil Rhinocerotids at Nihewan by their . In a gallop, all feet are off the ground (. They can walk up to 2. Elasmotherium legs are sufficiently like those of the White Rhino to hypothesize a similar gait even though Elasmotherium weighed 4. Brant. The Ceratomorpha are so- called because their families, such as the Rhinocerotidae, of which Elasmotherium is indisputably one, are characterised by the presence of hooves, or horns and hooves, made of keratin, the same substance of which hair is made. These keratin structures appear to have formed in the Mesozoic, a remnant in humans being the nails. A keratin horn is to be distinguished from a bone horn and a tusk. Bone forms the base of most horns, but in some cases the horn is entirely of bone. A tusk is a modified canine or incisor tooth. Rhinocerotidae have had tusks, but not Elasmotherium. Two open questions are whether they were horned or hornless, hairy or hairless. Most Rhinocerotidae have and have had horns, but there are some instances of hornlessness, and most are or were hairy, such as the woolly rhinoceros, but no instances of hair or horn have yet been found for Elasmotherium. Only circumstantial evidence of them exists. The main evidence suggestive of a horn on Elasmotherium is a frontal protuberance, which struck the attention of the late 1. The furrows are interpreted as the seats of blood vessels for the tissues that generated the horn. He also interpreted the rostrum of the upper mandible as the basis of a nasal horn, a hypothesis now rejected in favour of the cropping labia. In any case, the non- circular base indicates a section through the horn would not have been circular. This possibility is supported by another fossil with a non- circular partially healed puncture wound in the base, chiefly interpreted as the result of dueling other males with the horn. If horns are keratinous, they have a bone core. Rhinocerotids horns, however, are uniquely derived. Hieronymus, an expert in Rhinoceros dermatology, says. The horn is not attached to the bone of the boss but grows from the surface of a dense dermal tissue. The top layer keratinises itself to form tubules about 1. The next layer forms below it. The author states that rugosity is . If, on the other hand, an annular (ring- shaped) pattern is visible in the rugosity, it is due to . The rings had previously been noted on additional fossils. To date Elasmotherium has not been examined for rings under lighting designed to show them up; however, based on the observations of other palaeontologists, the author says . In the early 1. 9th century the state of the fossils had not yet revealed the presence of a horn. From around 1. 91. As the size and shape of the horn would depend on the concentration of melanin and calcium, and no known indicator of those remains, any further estimate of horn morphology is purely speculative. Taxonomy. For example, Kazakhstan alone has 3. E. The division into species is based mainly on the fine distinctions of the teeth and jaws and the shape of the skull. Two branches are generally recognised, that leading to the smaller Rhinoceroses and the Pliocene/Pleistocene branch of the larger elasmotheres. Both began from small species in the steppes of the Far East, but those in turn are comparable to North American species. Whether the branch point is considered to be at the subfamily level (Elasmotheriinae versus Rhinocerotinae) or at the tribe level (Elasmotheriini versus Rhinocerotini, the currently accepted. Antoine performed a cladistic analysis using 2. He found that the elasmotheres were a monophyletic group. He says: The main characters of derived elasmotheres (huge size, frontal horn, ossified nasal septum, enamel folding, hypsodonty, loss of anterior dentition, lengthening of the molar series ..) are absent in Middle Miocene Elasmotheriina from China and Mongolia. Most of these features appear somewhat later, during the Late Miocene or the Pliocene, in Parelasmotherium, Sinotherium and then Elasmotherium. Antoine was following the now discontinued practice of considering the Miocene ancestral species as elasmotheres. They were not, however, distinguished by the features of an elasmothere. The original ancestors were . In his view,Such cranio- dental evolution demonstrates unequivocally the increasing proportion of grass- eating in the elasmotherine diet throughout the Middle Miocene. V. A. Terjaev in 1. Elasmotherians lived in . Elasmotherium is thought to be the most derived genus of elasmothere, with E. However, an elasmotherian species turned up in the preceding Khaprovian or Khaprov Faunal Complex, which was at first taken to be E. It appears in the Middle Pleistocene Khazar Faunal Complex of the Sea of Azov region, which has . The latest is from two caves in southern Siberia, a E. They must have been dragged into the caves by some predator, perhaps even modern man. The elasmothere tooth and one of a cave hyena from Smelovskaya were carbon dated to slightly greater than 5. BP in the Late Pleistocene. A Siberian Elasmotherium skull in a museum was found to have this pattern.
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